An eye is irritated when a spark from a
locomotive, or a bit of sand, or an inverted
eyelash, get into it. A mustard -plaster first
stimulates the circulation of the skin where
470
it is applied ; this may be quite within the
bounds of healthy action, if the mustard be
soon withdrawn. If it remain longer, irri-
tation is shown by paiyi and soreness ; next,
if still allowed to act, it will produce iyiflavi-
niatio7i. Irritation of the stomach may be
caused by indigestible food, or, more serious
in degree, by certain poisonous substances ;
as strong acids, alkalies, arsenic, or corro-
sive sublimate.
Congestion (or Hyperaemia).
This ma)^ be an active flowing of more
blood than common through a part, or a
passive collection of blood in the part. Stim-
ulation produces the former ; when it passes
beyond the line of health into irritation,
passive congestion occurs at the centre of
the irritation, active congestion in the parts
around it. Determination of blood towards
any portion of the body may be, when very
decided, called local hyper cBniia. A bloodless
condition of an organ is called a local
a7ioeniia. This first simply means excess of
blood ; the second, deficiency of blood.
Inflammation.
All the world knows when a hand, a foot,
or an eye is iiiflamed. Proverbially, the
signs of this are redness, heat, pai7i, and
sweUi7ig . The redness is owing to the ex-
cess of blood ; the heat to the same cause,
with also probably some increase of chemical
change in the part. Pain is not quite so
clearly to be accounted for. Pressure on a
nerve is known to cause pain ; and the excess
of blood beating on a part at whose ceritre is
stag7iatio7i, must induce considerable pres-
sure. Nerve-pain (neuralgia), however,
often occurs without inflammation and with-
out pressure. Some one has wisely said
that pain is always a sign of a tendency in
the part towards death. It is, at least, in-
dicative of lowered vitality, local or general ;
and that is present at the ce7itre of an inflamed
organ, while around it there may be the
heightened activity of stimulation. In a
boil, and yet more fully in a carbuncle, we
see the dead ce7itre (core) of the violent
inflammation, when its force is nearly spent.
THE FAMIL Y DOCTOR
The swelling of an inflamed part is due
in considerable degree to the accumulation
of blood in it. But, under the pressure of
the heightened circulation, some of the
lymph (watery portion) of the blood escapes
from the blood-vessels into the substance
of the part. This undergoes changes , which
are important.
An active or acute inflammation may end
in several ways :
1. Resolution is the early passing off
of all the inflammatory symptoms, leaving
almost no sensible change in the part.
2. Effusion of lymph, not at once ab-
sorbed, shows itself in bands which glue
together tissues naturally movable, or in a
collection of fluid (serum), constituting a
form of local dropsy. In an attack of
pleurisy, both of these results may follow
instead of resolution.
Page 126
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An eye is irritated when a spark from a
locomotive, or a bit of sand, or an inverted
eyelash, get into it. A mustard -plaster first
stimulates the circulation of the skin where
470
it is applied ; this may be quite within the
bounds of healthy action, if the mustard be
soon withdrawn. If it remain longer, irri-
tation is shown by paiyi and soreness ; next,
if still allowed to act, it will produce iyiflavi-
niatio7i. Irritation of the stomach may be
caused by indigestible food, or, more serious
in degree, by certain poisonous substances ;
as strong acids, alkalies, arsenic, or corro-
sive sublimate.
Congestion (or Hyperaemia).
This ma)^ be an active flowing of more
blood than common through a part, or a
passive collection of blood in the part. Stim-
ulation produces the former ; when it passes
beyond the line of health into irritation,
passive congestion occurs at the centre of
the irritation, active congestion in the parts
around it. Determination of blood towards
any portion of the body may be, when very
decided, called local hyper cBniia. A bloodless
condition of an organ is called a local
a7ioeniia. This first simply means excess of
blood ; the second, deficiency of blood.
Inflammation.
All the world knows when a hand, a foot,
or an eye is iiiflamed. Proverbially, the
signs of this are redness, heat, pai7i, and
sweUi7ig . The redness is owing to the ex-
cess of blood ; the heat to the same cause,
with also probably some increase of chemical
change in the part. Pain is not quite so
clearly to be accounted for. Pressure on a
nerve is known to cause pain ; and the excess
of blood beating on a part at whose ceritre is
stag7iatio7i, must induce considerable pres-
sure. Nerve-pain (neuralgia), however,
often occurs without inflammation and with-
out pressure. Some one has wisely said
that pain is always a sign of a tendency in
the part towards death. It is, at least, in-
dicative of lowered vitality, local or general ;
and that is present at the ce7itre of an inflamed
organ, while around it there may be the
heightened activity of stimulation. In a
boil, and yet more fully in a carbuncle, we
see the dead ce7itre (core) of the violent
inflammation, when its force is nearly spent.
THE FAMIL Y DOCTOR
The swelling of an inflamed part is due
in considerable degree to the accumulation
of blood in it. But, under the pressure of
the heightened circulation, some of the
lymph (watery portion) of the blood escapes
from the blood-vessels into the substance
of the part. This undergoes changes , which
are important.
An active or acute inflammation may end
in several ways :
1. Resolution is the early passing off
of all the inflammatory symptoms, leaving
almost no sensible change in the part.
2. Effusion of lymph, not at once ab-
sorbed, shows itself in bands which glue
together tissues naturally movable, or in a
collection of fluid (serum), constituting a
form of local dropsy. In an attack of
pleurisy, both of these results may follow
instead of resolution.